View source for Radical

==English==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|en|enm|radical}}, from {{der|en|la|rādīcālis|t=of or pertaining to the root, having roots, radical}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɹædɪkəl/}}
* {{audio|en|En-au-radical.ogg|a=AU}}
* {{homophones|en|radicle}}

===Adjective===
{{en-adj}}

# Favoring [[fundamental]] change, or change at the root cause of a matter.
#: {{ux|en|His beliefs are '''radical'''.}}
#: {{ux|en|We must be resolute in our fight against '''radical''' leftism!}}
# {{lb|en|botany|not comparable}} Pertaining to a [[root]] {{qualifier|of a plant}}.
# Pertaining to the [[basic]] or [[intrinsic]] nature of something.
#: {{syn|en|fundamental}}
#: {{ant|en|ignorable|trivial}}
#* {{RQ:Burke Revolution in France|passage=The most determined exertions of that authority, against them, only showed their '''radical''' independence.}}
# [[thoroughgoing|Thoroughgoing]]; [[far-reaching]].
#: {{ux|en|The spread of the cancer required '''radical''' surgery, and the entire organ was removed.}}
#* {{quote-journal
|1=en
|date=2012-01
|author=Donald Worster
|title=A Drier and Hotter Future
|volume=100
|issue=1
|page=70
|magazine=w:American Scientist
|url=http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/a-drier-and-hotter-future
|passage=Phoenix and Lubbock are both caught in severe drought, and it is going to get much worse. We may see many such [dust] storms in the decades ahead, along with species extinctions, '''radical''' disturbance of ecosystems, and intensified social conflict over land and water. Welcome to the Anthropocene, the epoch when humans have become a major geological and climatic force.
|accessdate=12 May 2013
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126223603/http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/a-drier-and-hotter-future
|archivedate=26 January 2012
}}
# {{lb|en|lexicography|not comparable}} Of or pertaining to the root of a word.
# {{lb|en|phonology|phonetics|not comparable|of a sound}} Produced using the [[root]] of the tongue.
#: {{coordinate terms|en|coronal|dorsal|labial|laryngeal}}
# {{lb|en|chemistry|not comparable}} Involving [[free radical]]s.
# {{lb|en|math}} Relating to a [[radix]] or mathematical root.
#: {{ux|en|a '''radical''' quantity; a '''radical''' sign}}
# {{lb|en|slang|1980s & 1990s}} [[excellent|Excellent]]; [[awesome]].
#: {{ux|en|That was a '''radical''' jump!}}

====Synonyms====
* {{sense|linguistics, in reference to words}} {{l|en|primitive}}

====Antonyms====
* {{antsense|linguistics, in reference to words}} {{l|en|derivative}}, {{l|en|derived}}

====Derived terms====
{{col4|en
|radicalness
|radicality
|radicalize
|radically
|radical empiricism
|radical feminism
|radical left
|radical pluralism
|radical reform
|radical right
|radical Islam
|radical vinegar
|radical anion|radical axis|radical cation|radical center|radical centrism|radical centrist|radical chic|radical empiricist|radical feminist|radical hysterectomy|radical ion|radical line|radical mastectomy|radical plane|radical prostatectomy}}
<!--"radical sign" is derived from the noun-->

====Related terms====
{{col2|en
|root
|radix
}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|pertaining to the root (of a plant)}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|جَذْريّ}}
* Armenian: {{t+|hy|արմատական}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|коренен}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|radical}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t|cmn|[[根|根的]]|tr=gēn de}}, {{t|cmn|[[根部]][[的]]|tr=gēnbù de}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|juuri|alt=juuri-}}
* French: {{t+|fr|radical}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radicale}}
* Romanian: {{t|ro|de rădăcină}}, {{t|ro|rădăcinal}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|корнево́й}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|pertaining to the basic or intrinsic nature of something}}
* Arabic: {{t-needed|ar}}
* Armenian: {{t+|hy|հիմնարար}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|основен}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t|cmn|[[根本|根本的]]|tr=gēnběn de}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|perus|alt=perus-}}
* French: {{t+|fr|radical}}
* Hebrew: {{t|he|יסודי|m|tr=yesodí}}, {{t|he|שורשי|m|tr=shorshí}}
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|radikal}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|根本的|alt=根本的な|tr=こんぽんてきな, konponteki na}}
* Kazakh: {{t|kk|түбегейлі}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|radical}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|фундамента́льный}}, {{t+|ru|основно́й}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|thoroughgoing}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|radikální}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|perusteellinen}}, {{t+|fi|mullistava}}, {{t+|fi|radikaalinen}} {{q|med.}}
* French: {{t+|fr|radical}}
* German: {{t+|de|radikal}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|ριζικός}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|徹底的|alt=徹底的な|tr=てっていてきな, tetteiteki na}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|radykalny}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|favouring fundamental change}}
* Azerbaijani: {{t|az|radikal}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|радикален}}, {{t+|bg|фундаментален}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|radical}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|radikaali}}
* French: {{t+|fr|radical}}
* German: {{t+|de|radikal}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|ριζοσπαστικός}}
* Hebrew: {{t|he|רָדִיקָלִי|m}}, {{t|he|רָדִיקָלִית|f}}
* Hindi: {{t+|hi|उग्रवादी}}, {{t|hi|चरमपंथी}}, {{t+|hi|अतिवादी}}, {{t|hi|इंतहापसंद}}
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|radikal}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|抜本的|alt=抜本的な|tr=ばっぽんてきな, bapponteki na}}
* Kazakh: {{t|kk|радикалдық}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|wāwāhi tahā}}, {{t|mi|whakawhana}}
* Norwegian:
*: Bokmål: {{t+|nb|radikal}}
*: Nynorsk: {{t|nn|radikal}}
* Persian: {{t+|fa|رادیکال|tr=râdikâl}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|radykalny}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|radical}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|радика́льный}}, {{t+|ru|коренной}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|радика́льний}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|linguistics: pertaining to the root of a word}}
* Arabic: {{t-needed|ar}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t|cmn|[[詞根|詞根的]]|tr=cígēn de}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|radikaalinen}}
* French: {{t+|fr|radical}}
* Hebrew: {{t|he|שורשי|m|tr=shorshí}}
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|radikal}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radicale}}
* Japanese: {{t-needed|ja}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|tohutumu}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|radical}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|корнево́й}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|chemistry: involving free radicals}}
* Bulgarian: {{t|bg|радикалов}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|radikaalinen}}, {{t+|fi|radikaali|alt=radikaali-}}
* German: {{t+|de|radikalisch}}
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|radikal}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radicalico}}
* Polish: {{t|pl|rodnik}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|radical}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|mathematics: involving roots}}
* Estonian: {{t-needed|et}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|juuri|alt=juuri-}}
* German: {{t+|de|Wurzel|alt=Wurzel-}} {{qualifier|compound}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|irrazionale}}
* Latvian: {{t|lv|iracionāls}}
* Lithuanian: {{t-needed|lt}}
* Russian: {{t-needed|ru}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|radikal}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|slang: excellent}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|huima}}
* French: {{t+|fr|génial}}, {{t+|fr|super}}
* German: {{t+|de|krass}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|radical}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Noun===
{{en-noun}}

# {{lb|en|historical|19th-century Britain|politics}} A member of the most progressive wing of the Liberal Party; someone favouring social reform (but generally stopping short of socialism).
# {{lb|en|historical|early 20th-century France}} A member of an influential, centrist political party favouring moderate social reform, a republican constitution, and secular politics.
# A person with radical opinions.
# {{lb|en|arithmetic}} A [[root]] (of a number or quantity).
# {{senseid|en|linguistics: portion of a character that provides an indication of its meaning}}{{lb|en|linguistics}} In [[logographic]] writing systems such as the Chinese writing system, the portion of a character (if any) that provides an indication of its meaning, as opposed to '''[[phonetic]]'''.
#* {{quote-book|en|year=2022|author=[[w:R. F. Kuang|R. F. Kuang]]|title=[[w:Babel, or the Necessity of Violence|Babel]]|publisher=Harper''Voyager''|page=9|passage=The boy recognised the Chinese characters, though the calligraphy looked a bit strange, as if drawn by someone who had seen them and copied them out '''radical''' by '''radical''' without knowing what they meant.}}
# {{lb|en|linguistics}} In [[Celtic]] languages, the basic, underlying form of an initial consonant which can be further [[mutate]]d under the Celtic initial consonant mutations.
# {{lb|en|linguistics}}{{C|en|Semitic linguistics}} In [[Semitic]] languages, any one of the set of consonants (typically three) that make up a [[root]].
# {{lb|en|chemistry}} A group of [[atom]]s, joined by [[covalent bond]]s, that take part in [[reaction]]s as a single [[unit]].
# {{lb|en|organic chemistry}} A [[free radical]].
# {{lb|en|algebra|commutative algebra|ring theory|of an [[ideal]]}} Given an [[ideal]] ''I'' in a [[commutative]] [[ring]] ''R'', another ideal, denoted Rad(''I'') or <math>\sqrt{I}</math>, such that an element ''x'' ∈ ''R'' is in Rad(''I'') if, for some [[positive]] [[integer]] ''n'', ''x<sup>n</sup>'' ∈ ''I''; ''equivalently'', the [[intersection]] of all [[prime ideal]]s containing ''I''.
# {{lb|en|algebra|ring theory|of a [[ring]]}} Given a [[ring]] ''R'', an [[ideal]] containing elements of ''R'' that share a property considered, in some sense, "not good".
# {{lb|en|algebra|ring theory|of a [[module]]}} The [[intersection]] of maximal [[submodule]]s of a given [[module]].
# {{lb|en|number theory}} The product of the distinct [[prime factor]]s of a given positive integer.

====Derived terms====
{{col4|en
|aminoxyl radical|aminyl radical|Kangxi radical
|Artinian radical<!--type of "radical of a ring"-->
|Baer radical<!--type of "radical of a ring"-->
|Brown–McCoy radical<!--type of "radical of a ring"-->
|free radical<!--from the chemical meaning-->
|Jacobson radical<!--type of "radical of a ring"-->
|Köthe radical<!--type of "radical of a ring"-->
|Levitzki radical<!--type of "radical of a ring"-->
|lower radical<!--from the "of a ring" meaning-->
|lower radical operator<!--from the "of a ring" meaning-->
|radical class<!--from the "of a ring" meaning-->
|radical ideal<!--from the "of an ideal" meaning-->
|radical sign<!--from the arithmetical meaning-->
|singular radical<!--type of "radical of a ring"-->
|strong radical<!--type of "radical of a ring"-->
|upper nil radical<!--type of "radical of a ring"-->
|Bring radical}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|en|nilradical}}<!--type of "radical of a ring"-->

====Translations====
{{trans-top|person with radical opinions}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|رَادِيكَالِيّ|m}}
* Belarusian: {{t|be|радыка́л|m}}, {{t|be|радыка́лка|f}}
* Bulgarian: {{t|bg|радикал|m}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|radical|m|f}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t|cmn|激进分子|tr=jījìn fènzǐ}}, {{t+|cmn|急進派|tr=jíjìnpài}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|radikál|m}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|radikaali}}
* German: {{t+|de|Radikaler|m}}, {{t+|de|Radikale|f}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|ριζοσπάστης|m}}
* Hindi: {{t+|hi|उग्रवादी|m}}, {{t|hi|चरमपंथी|m}}, {{t+|hi|अतिवादी|m}}, {{t|hi|इंतहापसंद|m}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radicale|m|f}}
* Japanese: {{t|ja|急進派|tr=きゅうしんは, kyūshinha}}
* Kazakh: {{t|kk|радикал}}
* Korean: {{t+|ko|급진파(急進派)}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|kaiwhakatuma}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|radykał|m}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|radical|m|f}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|радика́л|m}}, {{t+|ru|радика́лка|f}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|радика́л|m}}, {{t|uk|радика́лка|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|historical: 19th-century England}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|radikaali}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radicale|m|f}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|радика́л|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|historical: early 20th-century France}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|radikaali}}
* French: {{t+|fr|radical|m}}, {{t+|fr|radicale|f}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radicale|m|f}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|радика́л|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|arithmetic: root (of a number or quantity)}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|корен|m}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|根|tr=gēn}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|juuri}}
* French: {{t+|fr|racine|f}}
* German: {{t+|de|Wurzel|f}}, {{t|de|Radix|f}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radice|f}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|根|tr=こん, kon}}, {{t+|ja|累乗根|tr=るいじょうこん, ruijōkon}}
* Khmer: {{t|km|រ៉ាឌីកាល់}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|pierwiastek|m}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|ко́рень|m}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|pang-ugat}}
* Turkmen: {{t|tk|kök}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|linguistics: portion of a character that provides an indication of its meaning}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|корен|m}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|radical|m}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|部首|tr=bùshǒu}}
* Estonian: {{t|et|kirjamärk}}
* French: {{t+|fr|clé|m}}, {{t+|fr|radical|m}}
* German: {{t+|de|Radikal|n}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radicale|m}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|部首|tr=[[ぶしゅ]], bushu}}
* Korean: {{t+|ko|부수(部首)}}
* Malay: {{t|ms|radikal}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|pierwiastek|m}}, {{t+|pl|klucz|m}}, {{t+|pl|radykał|m}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|radical|m}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|радика́л|m}}, {{t+|ru|ключ|m}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|bộ thủ}} ({{t|vi|部首}})
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|linguistics: any one of the set of consonants that make up a root}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|词根|tr=cígēn}}, {{t+|cmn|部首|tr=bùshǒu}}, {{t+|cmn|偏旁|tr=piānpáng}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|radikaali}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radicale|m}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|ко́рень|m}}, {{t+|ru|радика́л|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|chemistry: group of atoms that take part in reactions as a single unit}}
* Bulgarian: {{t|bg|радикал|m}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|radical|m}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|radikaali}}
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|radikal}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radicale|m}}
* Khmer: {{t|km|រ៉ាឌីកាល់}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|радика́л|m}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|mulipon}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|organic chemistry: free radical}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|radikál|m}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|vapaa radikaali}}
* French: {{t+|fr|radical|m}}
* German: {{t+|de|Radikal|n}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radicale|m}}
* Polish: {{t|pl|rodnik|m}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|радика́л|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|ring theory: intersection of prime ideals containing a given ideal}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radicale|m}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|radykał|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|ring theory: ideal of elements of a ring sharing a certain given property}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radicale|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|ring theory: intersection of maximal submodules of a module}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radicale|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|number theory: product of the distinct prime factors of a given positive integer}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|radicale|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{checktrans-top}}
* Danish: {{t+check|da|radikal}}
* Swedish: {{t+check|sv|radikal}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===References===
* {{R:Webster 1913}}
* {{R:Century 1911}}
* {{R:Keywords|page=251}}

===Further reading===
* {{pedia|Radical}}
* {{pedia|Radical of an ideal}}
* {{pedia|Radical of a ring}}
* {{pedia|Radical of a module}}
* {{pedia|Radical of an integer}}
* [https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Radical_of_an_ideal Radical of an ideal] on {{w|Encyclopedia of Mathematics}}
* [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/IdealRadical.html Ideal Radical] on {{w|MathWorld|Wolfram MathWorld}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=aacdilr|aldaric|cardial}}

{{C|en|People|Politics}}

==Catalan==

===Pronunciation===
* {{ca-IPA}}
* {{rhyme|ca|al|s=3}}
* {{hyph|ca|ra|di|cal}}

===Adjective===
{{ca-adj}}

# {{l|en|radical}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|ca|radicalment}}
* {{l|ca|radicalisme}}
* {{l|ca|radicalitzar}}

===Noun===
{{ca-noun|mfbysense}}

# {{l|en|radical}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:ca:IEC2}}
* {{R:ca:GDLC}}
* {{R:ca:DNV}}
* {{R:ca:DCVB}}

==French==

===Etymology===
{{lbor|fr|LL.|rādīcālis}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{fr-IPA}}
* {{rhymes|fr|al}}
* {{homophones|fr|radicale|radicales}}
* {{audio|fr|Fr-radical.ogg|a=Paris}}

===Adjective===
{{fr-adj}}

# [[#English|radical]]
#: {{ux|fr|L'idéologie islamiste '''radicale''' de Boko Haram a provoqué le déplacement de plus de deux millions de personnes dans le nord du Nigeria. |The '''radical''' Islamist ideology of Boko Haram caused more than two million persons to be displaced in northern Nigeria.}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|fr|radicalité}}
* {{l|fr|radicaliser}}
** {{l|fr|radicalisation}}

===Noun===
{{fr-noun|m}}

# {{lb|fr|linguistics|grammar}} [[#English|radical]], [[root]]

===Related terms===
* {{l|fr|racine}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:fr:TLFi}}

==Galician==

===Pronunciation===
{{gl-pr}}
* {{hyph|gl|ra|di|cal}}

===Noun===
{{gl-noun|m}}

# {{l|en|radical}} {{gl|in various senses}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|gl|radicalismo}}
* {{l|gl|radicalizar}}
* {{l|gl|radicalmente}}

====Further reading====
* {{R:gl:DRAG}}

{{C|gl|Chemistry}}

==Portuguese==

===Pronunciation===
{{pt-IPA}}
* {{rhyme|pt|al|aw|q1=Portugal|q2=Brazil|s=3}}
* {{hyph|pt|ra|di|cal}}

===Noun===
{{pt-noun|m}}

# {{lb|pt|linguistic morphology}} [[stem]] {{gl|main part of a word}}
# {{lb|pt|linguistic}} [[radicial]] {{gl|portion of a character}}

===Noun===
{{pt-noun|mfbysense}}

# {{l|en|radical}} {{gl|person holding unorthodox views}}
#: {{syn|pt|extremista}}

===Adjective===
{{pt-adj}}

# {{l|en|radical}} {{gl|favouring fundamental change}}
# [[drastic]]; [[extreme]]
# {{lb|pt|slang}} [[excellent]]; [[awesome]]; [[thrilling]]
# {{lb|pt|sports}} [[extreme]] {{gl|dangerous}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|pt|radicalismo}}
* {{l|pt|radicalizar}}
* {{l|pt|radicalmente}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:pt:Priberam}}

==Romanian==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alt|ro|радикал||new cyrl}}

===Etymology===
{{bor+|ro|fr|radical}} or {{bor|ro|de|Radikal}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|ro|/ra.diˈkal/}}
* {{rhyme|ro|al|s=3}}
* {{hyph|ro|ra|di|cal}}

===Adjective===
{{ro-adj}}

# {{l|en|radical}}

====Declension====
{{ro-decl-adj}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|ro|radicalist}}
* {{l|ro|radicaliza}}

==Spanish==

===Etymology===
{{bor+|es|la|rādīcālis}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{es-pr}}

===Adjective===
{{es-adj}}

# {{l|en|radical}}, [[seismic]]

====Derived terms====
{{col|es|feminismo radical|radicalismo|radicalizar|radicalmente}}

===Noun===
{{es-noun|m}}

# {{l|en|radical}}

====Derived terms====
{{col|es
|radical libre
}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:es:DRAE}}