View source for Pleroma

{{also|Pleroma|pléroma|плерома}}
==English==
{{was wotd|2024|March|25}}

===Etymology===
[[File:Zürich - Botanischer Garten (Uni) - Tibouchina urvilleana Melastomataceae IMG 0793.JPG|thumb|{{vern|princess flower|Princess flower}} ({{taxlink|Pleroma urvilleanum|species}}), a [[species]] of pleroma ''(noun {{senseno|en|plant}})''.]]

{{root|en|ine-pro|*pleh₁-|*-mn̥}}
{{lbor|en|LL.|pleroma|t=(''Gnosticism'') spiritual universe seen as the totality of the essence and powers of God}}, from {{der|en|grc-koi|πλήρωμᾰ|t=(''biblical'') perfect fullness}}, {{der|en|grc|πλήρωμᾰ|t=that which fills, a complement; a filling up, a completing}}, from {{m|grc|πληρόω|t=to make full, fill; to complete, finish}} (from {{m|grc|πλήρης|t=complete, full}} (from {{der|en|ine-pro|*pleh₁-|t=to fill}}) + {{m|grc|-όω|pos={{glossary|suffix}} forming {{glossary|verb}}s with the sense of making someone be or do something}}) + {{m|grc|-μᾰ|pos=suffix forming {{glossary|noun}}s denoting the result or effect of an action}}.<ref name="OED">{{R:OED Online|pos=n|id=9235720120|date=July 2023|nodot=1}}; compare {{R:Lexico|entry=plerome|pos=n}}</ref><ref>{{R:Collins English Dictionary|pos=n}}</ref>

{{senseno|en|plant|uc=1}} (“plant”) is borrowed from {{bor|en|NL.|Pleroma}}, a genus name {{coinage|en|David Don|nat=the Scottish|occ=botanist|nobycat=1|nocap=1}} (1799–1841) in 1822, from {{der|en|grc|πλήρωμᾰ}} (see above) to describe the way the seeds of the plant filled the capsule.<ref>{{cite-journal|author={{w|David Don}}|title=XXIV.—An Illustration of the Natural Family of Plants called Melastomaceæ.|journal=Memoirs of the {{w|Wernerian Natural History Society}}|location=Edinburgh|publisher={{...|Printed}} [by P. Neill] for {{w|Adam Black}},{{nb...|North Bridge, Edinburgh}}; London: [[w:Longman|Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown]]|date=16 November 1822|year_published=1823|volume=IV, part II|page=295|pageurl=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46989839#page/337/mode/1up|oclc=1160053880|passage=Nomen duxi ab voce Græca {{lang|grc|πληρωμα}}, ''plenitudo'', quòd loculi capsulæ placentis carnosis seminiferis farcti sunt.|translation=I took the name from the Greek word {{lang|grc|πληρωμα}}, ''fullness'', as the loculi of the capsules are stuffed with fleshy seed-producing cakes.}}</ref>

{{senseno|en|Christianity|uc=1}} (“state of perfect fullness”) is chiefly used in reference to [[w:Epistle to the Colossians|Colossians]] 2:9 of the [[Bible]]: “{{l|grc|Ὅτι ἐν αὐτῶῳ κατοικεῖ πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τῆς θεότητος σωματικῶς}} [For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form]”.<ref name="OED"/>

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/plɪˈɹəʊmə/|a=RP}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-pleroma.wav|a=Southern England}}
* {{IPA|en|/pləˈɹoʊmə/|a=GA}}
* {{rhymes|en|əʊmə|s=3}}
* {{hyphenation|en|ple|ro|ma}}

===Noun===
{{en-noun|~}}

# {{lb|en|botany}}
## {{senseid|en|plant}} A [[plant#Noun|plant]] of the [[genus]] {{taxfmt|Pleroma|genus}}.
## {{lb|en|archaic|or|obsolete|rare}} {{synonym of|en|plerome|t=the [[central#Adjective|central]] [[portion#Noun|portion]] of the [[apical#Adjective|apical]] [[meristem]] in a [[grow#Verb|growing]] plant [[root#Noun|root]] or [[stem#Noun|stem]] which, according to the [[histogen]] [[theory]], [[give rise to|gives rise to]] the [[endodermis]] and [[stele]]}}
##* {{quote-journal|en|title=[''Punctum vegetationis'', or Growing Point of Dicotyledonous Roots]|journal=[[w:The Gardeners' Chronicle|The Gardeners’ Chronicle. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Horticulture and Allied Subjects]]|location=London|publisher=[[w:Bradbury and Evans|Bradbury, Agnew, & Co.]],{{nb...|printers, Whitefriars.}}|date=9 December 1876|volume=VI (New Series)|issue=154|page=750|pageurl=https://archive.org/details/gardenerschronic61876lond/page/750/mode/1up|column=1|oclc=9131451|passage=In his &#91;{{w|Jakob Eriksson}}'s&#93; investigations of the meristem (the tissue from which the permanent tissues are formed) by dicotyledonous roots he found four types of growth, {{...}} In the second type only two separate meristem tissues are present in the tips of the roots; a '''pleroma''' and a common tissue, from which the primary bark and epidermis and root-cap proceed.}}
##* {{quote-journal|en|author=w:Edward Aveling|title=Botany for Students. Chapter XXII.—The Root.|journal=[[w:The English Mechanic and World of Science|The English Mechanic and World of Science and Art.{{nb...|With which are Incorporated “The Mechanic,” “Scientific Opinion,” and “The British & Foreign Mechanic.”}}]]|location=London|publisher={{...|Published (for the proprietor) by}} E[beneezer] J. Kibblewhite,{{nb...|at the office: 332, Strand, London, W.C. Sold by all booksellers and newsagents in the Kingdom.}}|date=22 August 1890|volume=LI|issue=1326|page=543|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXoRP3zv7wsC&pg=PA543|column=2|oclc=8963383|passage=[I]n the '''pleroma''' of the primary meristem of roots there is not only cambium (persistent parenchyma) and procambium (forerunner of fibres and vessels), but pericambium—i.e., a special outer layer of the plerome that remains for a long time as meristem.}}
##* {{quote-journal|en|journal=Russian Journal of Developmental Biology: A Journal of Original Papers and Reviews on Developmental and Cell Biology|location=Moscow|publisher=Pleiades Publishing|year=2001|volume=32|page=205|column=1|issn=1608-3326|oclc=971988801|passage=In the '''pleroma''' of hyacinth and pea roots, <math>t_{min}</math> increases along the meristem, especially in its basal part{{nb...}}.}}
# {{senseid|en|Christianity}}{{lb|en|Christianity}} A [[state#Noun|state]] of [[perfect#Adjective|perfect]] [[fullness]], especially of [[God]]'s [[being#Noun|being]] as [[incarnate#Verb|incarnated]] in [[Jesus Christ]].
#* {{RQ:Stillingfleet Answer to Locke|page=143|passage=And is all this ''Cabala too, and only to be uſed when People are to be gulled with noiſy Nothings''? i.e. with empty '''''Pleroma's''''', and ſilent Thunderclaps.}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|en|pleromatic}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|plant of the genus ''Pleroma''}}
* Finnish: {{t|fi|pleroma}}
* Macedonian: {{t-needed|mk}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-see|''synonym of'' plerome|plerome}}

{{trans-top|state of perfect fullness, especially of God’s being as incarnated in Jesus Christ}}
* Armenian: {{t|hy|պլերոմա}}
* Catalan: {{t|ca|pleroma|m}}
* Esperanto: {{t|eo|pleromo}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|täyteys}}
* French: {{t+|fr|plérôme|m}}
* German: {{t|de|Pleroma|n}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|πλήρωμα|n}}
* Hebrew: {{t|he|פלרומה|tr=pleroma|?}}
* Italian: {{t|it|pleroma|m}}
* Japanese: {{t|ja|プレーローマ|tr=purērōma}}
* Lithuanian: {{t|lt|pleroma|f}}
* Macedonian: {{t-needed|mk}}
* Occitan: {{t|oc|pleroma|m}}
* Portuguese: {{t|pt|pleroma|m}}
* Romanian: {{t|ro|pleroma|?}}, {{t|ro|plerom|n}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|плеро́ма|f}}
* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|плеро́ма|f}}
*: Roman: {{t+|sh|pleróma|f}}
* Spanish: {{t|es|pléroma|m}}
* Swedish: {{t|sv|Pleroma|n}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Proper noun===
{{en-proper noun}}

# {{lb|en|Gnosticism|historical}} ''Often preceded by'' '''[[the#Article|the]]''': the [[spiritual#Adjective|spiritual]] [[universe]] [[see#Verb|seen]] as the [[totality]] of the [[essence]] and [[power#Noun|powers]] of [[God]].
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:Lawrence Durrell|chapter=Macabru|title=[[w:Monsieur (novel)|Monsieur]]|series=w:The Avignon Quintet|seriesvolume=1|location=New York, N.Y.|publisher=w:Viking Press|year=1974|year_published=1975|page=131|pageurl=https://archive.org/details/monsieur0000lawr/page/131/mode/1up|isbn=978-0-670-48678-6|passage=There is a way to comprehend the gnostic's giant onion of a world, the concentric circles, with the '''Pleroma''' beckoning there, the white heart of light, the source of that primal vision which for a second or two can recapture paradise.}}

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|en|Pleroma}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|spiritual universe seen as the totality of the essence and powers of God}}
* Armenian: {{t|hy|պլերոմա}}
* Catalan: {{t|ca|pleroma|m}}
* Dutch: {{t|nl|pleroma|?}}
* Esperanto: {{t|eo|pleromo}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|täyteys}}
* French: {{t+|fr|plérôme|m}}
* German: {{t|de|Pleroma|n}}
* Hungarian: {{t|hu|pléróma}}
* Italian: {{t|it|pleroma|m}}
* Japanese: {{t|ja|プレーローマ|tr=purērōma}}
* Korean: {{t|ko|플레로마}}
* Macedonian: {{t-needed|mk}}
* Portuguese: {{t|pt|pleroma|m}}
* Romanian: {{t|ro|pleroma|?}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|плеро́ма|f}}
* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|плеро́ма|f}}
*: Roman: {{t+|sh|pleróma|f}}
* Spanish: {{t|es|pléroma|m}}
* Swedish: {{t|sv|Pleroma|n}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|Плерома|?}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===References===
<references/>

===Further reading===
* {{pedia}}
* {{pedia|Pleroma (plant)}}

{{c|en|Myrtales order plants}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=aelmopr|Palermo|Palmero|Palmore|leproma|polearm}}

==Catalan==
{{wikipedia|lang=ca}}

===Etymology===
From {{der|ca|grc|πλήρωμα}}.

===Noun===
{{ca-noun|m|-}}

# {{lb|ca|gnosticism}} {{l|en|pleroma}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:ca:IEC2}}
* {{R:ca:GDLC}}
* {{R:ca:DNV}}
* {{R:ca:DCVB}}

==Italian==
{{wikipedia|lang=it}}

===Etymology===
From {{der|it|grc|πλήρωμα}}.

===Noun===
{{head|it|noun|g=m}}

# {{lb|it|gnosticism}} {{l|en|pleroma}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|it|a=aelmopr|Palermo}}

==Portuguese==
{{wikipedia|lang=pt}}

===Etymology===
From {{der|pt|grc|πλήρωμα}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{pt-IPA|plerôma}}
* {{hyph|pt|ple|ro|ma}}

===Noun===
{{pt-noun|m|-}}

# {{lb|pt|gnosticism}} {{l|en|pleroma}}

==Serbo-Croatian==

===Etymology===
From {{der|sh|grc|πλήρωμα||a filling up, fullness}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|sh|/plerǒːma/}}
* {{hyphenation|sh|ple|ro|ma}}

===Noun===
{{sh-noun|g=f|head=pleróma}}

# {{lb|sh|uncountable|gnosticism}} [[Pleroma]]

====Declension====
{{sh-decl-noun-unc
|pleroma
|plerome
|pleromi
|pleromu
|pleromo
|pleromi
|pleromom
}}