View source for Matrix

{{also|Matrix|mátrix}}
==English==
{{wikipedia}}

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|en|matrice||obsolete}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|en|enm|matris}}, {{m|enm|matrice}}, {{m|enm|matrix}}, from {{der|en|fro|matrice||pregnant animal}}, or from {{der|en|la|mātrīx||dam, womb}}, both ultimately from {{m|la|māter||mother}}. {{doublet|en|mother}} from Indo-European ancestor.

Slang usage coined with the 1999 [[sci-fi]] [[action film]] ''[[w:The Matrix|The Matrix]]''.

===Pronunciation===
* {{a|en|UK|US}}
** {{IPA|en|/ˈmeɪ.tɹɪks/}}, {{enPR|māʹtrĭks}}
*** {{audio|en|En-us-matrix.ogg|a=US}}
** {{IPA|en|/ˈmæt.ɹɪks/}}, {{enPR|mătʹrĭks}}
* {{IPA|en|/ˈmæɪ.tɹɪks/|a=AU}}
* {{IPA|en|/mæːʈ.rɪks/|/mɛʈ.rɪks/|a=Indian}}
* {{rhymes|en|eɪtɹɪks|ætɹɪks|s=2}}
* {{rhymes|en|ɪks|s=2}}

===Noun===
{{en-noun|matrices|+}}

# The [[cavity]] or [[mold]] in which anything is formed.
# {{lb|en|now|_|rare}} The [[womb]].
#* {{RQ:Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica|edition=2nd|chapter=Enquiries into Vulgar|page=122|passage=upon conception the inward orifice of the '''matrix''' exactly closeth, so that it commonly admitteth nothing after {{...}}}}
#* {{RQ:Nabokov Ada|page=269|passage=In very rare cases, when the '''matrix''' just goes on pegging away automatically, the doctor can take advantage of that and ease out the second brat who then can be considered to be, say, three minutes younger {{...}}}}
# The metaphorical place where something is made, formed, or given birth.
#* {{quote-book|1=en|year=1920|author=Edward Carpenter|authorlink=Edward Carpenter|title=Pagan and Christian Creeds|year_published=1921|location=New York|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Co.|page=172|passage=When it is remembered that ritual dancing was the '''matrix''' out of which the Drama sprang, and further that the drama in its inception (as still to-day in India) was an affair of religion and was acted in, or in connection with, the Temples, it becomes easier to understand how all this mass of ceremonial sacrifices, expiations, initiations, Sun and Nature festivals, eucharistic and orgiastic communions and celebrations, mystery-plays, dramatic representations, myths and legends, etc. [...] have practically sprung from the same root: a root deep and necessary in the psychology of Man.}}
# {{lb|en|biology}} The material or [[tissue]] in which more specialized structures are [[embed]]ded.
# {{lb|en|biology}} An [[extracellular matrix]], the material or tissue between the [[cell]]s of animals or plants.
# {{lb|en|biology}} Part of the [[mitochondrion]].
# {{lb|en|biology}} The medium in which [[bacterium|bacteria]] are cultured.
# A [[table]] of [[data]].
# {{lb|en|mathematics}} A [[rectangular]] [[arrangement]] of [[number]]s or [[term]]s having various uses such as [[transform]]ing [[coordinate]]s in [[geometry]], solving [[system]]s of [[linear equation]]s in [[linear algebra]] and [[represent]]ing [[graph]]s in [[graph theory]].
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1987|author=[1985]; {{w|Roger Horn|Roger A. Horn}}; {{w|Charles Royal Johnson|Charles R. Johnson}}|title='''Matrix''' Analysis|edition=Paperback|pageurl=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PlYQN0ypTwEC&pg=PA464&dq=%22matrix%22%7C%22matrices%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi06faVqvDaAhWEDZAKHS5eDKsQ6AEI-AIwOA#v=onepage&q=%22matrix%22%7C%22matrices%22&f=false|page=464|publisher=w:Cambridge University Press|year_published=1990
|passage=Theorem (7.5.2) then says that every positive semidefinite '''matrix''' is a convex combination of '''matrices''' that lie on extreme rays.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=2003|author=Robert A. Liebler|title=Basic '''Matrix''' Algebra with Algorithms and Applications|publisher=CRC Press (Chapman & Hall/CRC)|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=dD1OKMD-rMoC&pg=PA64&dq=%22matrix%22%7C%22matrices%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi06faVqvDaAhWEDZAKHS5eDKsQ6AEIhwIwJQ#v=onepage&q=%22matrix%22%7C%22matrices%22&f=false|page=64
|passage=Check that the <math>\mathcal{A}(\mathcal{D})^2</math> in the example is itself the adjacency '''matrix''' of the indicated digraph:}}
#* '''2007''', Gerhard Kloos, '''''Matrix''' Methods for Optical Layout'', {{w|SPIE|SPIE Press}}, [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ASxQn58joMQC&pg=PA25&dq=%22matrix%22%7C%22matrices%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxgp7Lr_DaAhUBHJAKHVMnBeA4ZBDoAQh4MA8#v=onepage&q=%22matrix%22%7C%22matrices%22&f=false page 25],
#*: The '''matrix''' describing the reflection at a plane mirror can be obtained by taking the '''matrix''' for reflection at a spherical reflector and letting the radius of the spherical mirror tend to infinity.
# {{lb|en|computing}} A [[two-dimensional]] [[array]].
# {{lb|en|slang|metaphor|sci-fi}} {{alt case form of|en|Matrix}}; a controlled environment or situation in which people behave in ways that conform to pre-determined roles.
#* {{RQ:Gibson Neuromancer|page=5|passage=He'd operated on an almost permanent adrenaline high, a byproduct of youth and proficiency, jacked into a custom cyberspace deck that projected his disembodied consciousness into the consensual hallucination that was the '''matrix'''.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|work=FT Weekend|date=2023-10-28|page=20|section=Life & Arts|author=Jemima Kelly|title=Back to school|passage=Mari Otsu, a 25-year-old Japanese-Hawaiian artist, tells me she was “desperately lonely” while she was studying at New York University, when she “realised that [she]{{sic}} was in the '''matrix'''”. I ask her what she means.}}
# {{lb|en|electronics}} A grid-like arrangement of electronic components, especially one intended for information coding, decoding or storage.
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1949|author=|title=Proceedings of the Association of American Railroads|passage=Any type of core or diode '''matrix''' used to derive the decoding of these codes would amount to a rather large volume of terminals for just the 17,500 terminals alone.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1959|author=John Millar Carroll|title=Modern Transistor Circuits|passage=The transistor '''matrix''' in the encoder supplies the sequential gates.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1962|author=Burroughs Corporation|title=Digital Computer Principles|passage=A transistor-diode '''matrix''' is composed of vertical and horizontal wires with a transistor at each intersection.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1987|author=David Ardayfio|title=Fundamentals of Robotics|passage=Robot controllers range in complexity from simple stepping switches through pneumatic logic sequencers, diode '''matrix''' boards, electronic sequencers, and microprocessors to minicomputers.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=2002|author=B. Somantathan Nair|title=Digital Electronics and Logic Design|passage=Diode '''matrix''' is the most fundamental of all [[ROM]] structure.}}
# {{lb|en|geology}} A [[geological matrix]].
# {{lb|en|archaeology|paleontology}} The sediment surrounding and including the [[artifact]]s, features, and other materials at a [[site]].
# {{lb|en|analytical chemistry}} The environment from which a given sample is taken.
# {{senseid|en|typesetting}} {{lb|en|printing|historical}} In hot metal typesetting, a [[mold]] for [[cast]]ing a [[letter]].
# {{lb|en|printing|historical}} In [[printmaking]], the [[plate]] or [[block]] used, with [[ink]], to hold the [[image]] that makes up the print.
#: {{syn|en|printing form}}
# {{lb|en|dyeing}} The five simple colours (black, white, blue, red, and yellow) from which all the others are formed.
# {{lb|en|material science}} A [[binding agent]] of [[composite material]]s, e.g. [[resin]] in [[fibreglass]].

====Synonyms====
* {{sense|mathematics}} {{l|en|array}}, {{l|en|table}}
* {{sense|table of data}} {{l|en|array}}, {{l|en|grid}}, {{l|en|spreadsheet}}, {{l|en|table}}
* {{sense|computing}} {{l|en|array}}

====Hyponyms====
{{col4
|en|augmented matrix|coefficient matrix|conference matrix|Coxeter matrix|data matrix|defective matrix|elementary matrix|interaction matrix|Laplacian matrix|null matrix|orthogonal matrix|Plücker matrix|projection matrix|S-matrix|symplectic matrix|transformation matrix|active matrix
|adjacency matrix
|biomatrix
|Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix
|Cartan matrix
|CKM matrix
|diagonal matrix
|dot matrix
|eigenmatrix
|extracellular matrix
|geological matrix
|germinal matrix
|Hankel matrix
|Hermitian matrix
|Hessian matrix
|identity matrix
|incidence matrix
|inverse matrix
|invertible matrix
|Jacobian matrix
|Jordan matrix
|mitochondrial matrix|density matrix|Fock matrix
|nuclear matrix
|passive matrix
|Pauli matrix
|polymatrix
|right stochastic matrix
|singular matrix
|square matrix
|stochastic matrix
|symmetric matrix
|territorial matrix
|Toeplitz matrix
|transfer matrix
|transition matrix
|Tutte matrix
|unit matrix
|unitary matrix
|zero matrix|degenerate matrix
}}

====Derived terms====
{{col4
|en|bimatrix|matrix algebra|matrix clause|matrix group|matrix mixer|matrix protein
|biomatrix|matrix metalloproteinase|pro-matrix metalloproteinase
|comatrix
|cytomatrix|impact matrix printer
|dot matrix printer
|dot-matrix
|hypermatrix
|intramatrix
|matrix decomposition
|matrix diagram
|matrix isolation
|matrix language
|matrix management
|matrix mechanics
|matrixial
|matrixlike
|multimatrix
|nonmatrix
|polymatrix
|semimatrix
|sociomatrix
|submatrix
|supermatrix
|trimatrix
}}

====Related terms====
{{col2|en|matriculate|alma mater}}

====Translations====
{{trans-see|womb}}

{{trans-top|biology: embedding material or tissue}}
* Finnish: {{t|fi|matriksi}}, {{t+|fi|marto}}
* Icelandic: {{t+|is|mergur}}, {{t+|is|grind}}
* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|ма̏трикс|m}}
*: Roman: {{t+|sh|mȁtriks|m}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|matriz|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top-also|extracellular matrix|extracellular matrix}}
* Finnish: {{t|fi|matriksi}}, {{t|fi|soluväliaine}}
* French: {{t+|fr|matrice}}
* Greek: {{t|el|μεσοκυττάρια ουσία|f}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|matrice}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|matriz}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|matriz}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|part of the mitochondrion}}
* Finnish: {{t|fi|matriksi}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|μήτρα|f}}
* Icelandic: {{t+|is|grind}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|anga ā-roto}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|macierz}}, {{t+|pl|matrix|f}}
* Portuguese: {{t|pt|matriz mitocondrial}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|medium in which bacteria are cultured}}
* Finnish: {{t|fi|matriksi}}, {{t|fi|viljelyaine}}
* Icelandic: {{t|is|uppistöðuefni}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|matrice|f}}
* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Roman: {{t|sh|bakterijska podloga|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|math: rectangular arrangement of numbers or terms}}
* Albanian: {{t+|sq|matricë|f}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|مَصْفُوفَة|f}}
* Armenian: {{t|hy|մատրից}}, {{t+|hy|մատրիցա}}
* Azerbaijani: {{t|az|matris}}
* Belarusian: {{t|be|ма́трыца|f}}
* Bulgarian: {{t|bg|матри́ца|f}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|matriu|f}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|矩陣}}, {{t+|cmn|陣列}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|matice|f}}
* Danish: {{t|da|matrix|c}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|matrix|f}}
* Esperanto: {{t|eo|matrico}}
* Estonian: {{t|et|maatriks}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|matriisi}}
* French: {{t+|fr|matrice|f}}
* Georgian: {{t|ka|მატრიცა}}
* German: {{t+|de|Matrix|f}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|μήτρα|f}}, {{t+|el|μητρώο|n}}, {{t+|el|πίνακας|m}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|מַטְרִיצָה|f|tr=matritsa}}
* Hindi: {{t+|hi|आव्यूह|m}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|mátrix}}
* Icelandic: {{t+|is|fylki|n}}
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|matriks}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|matrice|f}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|行列|tr=ぎょうれつ, gyōretsu}}
* Kazakh: {{t|kk|матрица}}
* Khmer: {{t+|km|ម៉ាទ្រីស}}
* Korean: {{t|ko|행렬(行列)}}
* Kyrgyz: {{t|ky|матрица}}
* Lao: {{t|lo|ມາຕຣິກ}}
* Latvian: {{t|lv|matrica|f}}
* Lithuanian: {{t|lt|matrica|f}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|матрица|f}}
* Malay: {{t+|ms|matriks}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|poukapa}}
* Norwegian:
*: Bokmål: {{t+|nb|matrise|m}}
*: Nynorsk: {{t|nn|matrise|f}}
* Persian: {{t+|fa|ماتریس|tr=mâtris}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|macierz|f}}, {{t+|pl|matryca|f}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|matriz|f}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|matrice|f}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|ма́трица|f}}
* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|матрѝца|f}}
*: Roman: {{t+|sh|matrìca|f}}
* Slovak: {{t+|sk|matica|f}}
* Slovene: {{t|sl|matrika|f}}, {{t+|sl|matrica|f}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|matriz|f}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|matris|c}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|baskagan}}
* Tajik: {{t|tg|матритса}}
* Telugu: {{t|te|మాత్రిక}}
* Thai: {{t|th|เมทริกซ์}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|matris}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|ма́триця|f}}
* Uzbek: {{t+|uz|matritsa}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|ma trận}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|two-dimensional array}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|matriu|f}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|矩陣|tr=jǔzhèn}}, {{t+|cmn|陣列|tr=zhènliè}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|matice}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|matrix|m}}
* Esperanto: {{t|eo|matrico}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|matriisi}}
* German: {{t+|de|Matrix|f}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|μήτρα|f}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|טַבְלָה|f|tr=tavlá}}
* Icelandic: {{t|is|innrúm}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|matrice|f}}
* Korean: {{t|ko|행렬(行列)}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|poukapa}}
* Norwegian:
*: Bokmål: {{t+|nb|matrise|m}}
*: Nynorsk: {{t|nn|matrise|f}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|macierz|f}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|matriz|f}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|matrice|f}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|ма́трица|f}}
* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|матрѝца|f}}
*: Roman: {{t+|sh|matrìca|f}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|matriz|f}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|matris|c}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|ма́триця|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|computing: circuitry inside a keyboard}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|matriisi}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|table of data}}
* Bulgarian: {{t|bg|матри́ца|f}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|laskentataulukko}}, {{t+|fi|taulukko}}
* German: {{t+|de|Matrix|f}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|ма́трица|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-see|geological matrix|geological matrix}}

{{trans-top|archaeology: sediment surrounding and including materials}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|matriu|f}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|maaperä}}
* Icelandic: {{t+|is|mót}}, {{t|is|afsteypumót}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|matrice|f}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|ма́трица|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|analytical chemistry: sampling environment}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|基質|tr=jīzhì}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|mold for casting a letter (hot metal typesetting)}}
* German: {{t+|de|Matrize|f}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|ма́трица|f}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|ма́триця|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|plate or block holding an image (printing)}}
* Bulgarian: {{t|bg|матри́ца|f}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|ма́трица|f}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|ма́триця|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|binding component of compound materials}}
* German: {{t+|de|Matrix|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{checktrans-top}}
* Irish: {{t-check|ga|maitrís|f}}
* Romanian: {{t+check|ro|matrice|f}}
* Slovak: {{t+check|sk|matica|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{cln|en|nouns with irregular plurals|terms derived from fiction}}

==Czech==

===Etymology===
{{der+|cs|la|matrix}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{cs-IPA}}

===Noun===
{{cs-noun|m-in}}

# {{lb|cs|biology}} {{l|en|matrix}}

====Declension====
{{cs-ndecl|m}}

====Related terms====
* See {{l|cs|mater}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:cs:ASCS}}
* {{R:cs:IJP}}

==Danish==

===Noun===
{{da-noun}}

# {{lb|da|math}} matrix

====Declension====
{{da-decl|stem=matric|en|er|pl-indef-2=matrixer|sg-def-2=matrixen|pl-def-2=matrixerne}}

==Dutch==

===Etymology===
Ultimately from {{der|nl|la|mātrīx}}. Cognate with {{m|nl|matrijs}}. {{etystub|nl}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|nl|/ˈmaːtrɪks/}}
* {{audio|nl|Nl-matrix.ogg}}
* {{hyphenation|nl|ma|trix}}

===Noun===
{{nl-noun|f|matrices|pl2=-en|+}}

# {{lb|nl|mathematics}} {{l|en|matrix}} {{gloss|type of array}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|nl|eenheidsmatrix}}
* {{l|nl|identiteitsmatrix}}

==Latin==

===Etymology===
From {{af|la|māter|-trīx}}, with {{glossary|haplology}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{la-IPA|mātrīx}}

===Noun===
{{la-noun|mātrīx<3>}}

# [[uterus]], [[womb]]
# [[dam]] {{qualifier|non-human female animal kept for breeding}}
# [[source]], [[origin]]
# [[list]], [[register]]

====Declension====
{{la-ndecl|mātrīx<3>}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|la|mātrīcālis}}
* {{l|la|mātrīcula}}

====Descendants====
{{top2}}
* {{desc|rup|mãtricã}}
* {{desc|ca|matriu}}
* {{desc|nl|matrix|matrijs|bor=1}}
* {{desc|en|matrix|bor=1}}
* {{desc|fi|matriisi|matriksi|bor=1}}
* {{desc|de|Matrix|bor=1}}
* {{desc|it|matrice}}
* {{desc|mk|матрица|bor=1}}
* {{desc|fro|marriz|matrice}}
** {{desctree|fr|matrice}}
* {{desc|osp|madriz}}
* {{desc|pt|matriz|bor=1}}
* {{desc|ro|mătrice|matrice}}
* {{desc|sc|matriche|madrighe}}
* {{desc|scn|matrici}}
* {{desc|es|matriz|bor=1}}
{{bottom}}

===References===
* {{R:L&S}}
* {{R:du Cange}}
* {{R:Gaffiot}}

{{cln|la|noun forms}}
{{C|la|Anatomy}}

==Middle English==

===Noun===
{{head|enm|noun}}

# {{alt form|enm|matrice}}

==Polish==
{{wp|lang=pl|matrix (ujednoznacznienie)|matrix}}

===Alternative forms===
* {{alt|pl|matriks}}

===Pronunciation===
{{pl-pr}}

===Etymology 1===
{{dercat|pl|la}}
{{ubor|pl|en|Matrix}}. {{dbt|pl|matryca}}.

====Noun====
{{pl-noun|m-in}}

# {{lb|pl|science fiction|slang}} [[Matrix]] {{gl|simulated reality to which many humans are connected; in some works, it is created by sentient machines to subdue humans}}

=====Declension=====
{{pl-decl-noun-m-in|gens=matriksa}}

===Etymology 2===
{{ubor|pl|la|mātrīx}}. {{dbt|pl|matryca}}.

====Noun====
{{pl-noun|m-in}}

# low-melting [[alloy]] of [[bismuth]] with [[lead]] (28–29%), [[tin]] (14–15%), and [[antimony]] (8.5–10.5%)

=====Declension=====
{{pl-decl-noun-m-in|tantum=s}}

====Noun====
{{pl-noun|f|indecl=1}}

# {{lb|pl|cytology}} [[intercellular]] [[substance]], {{l|en|matrix}} {{gl|body substance in which tissue cells are embedded}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:pl:WSJP}}
* {{R:pl:PWN}}
* {{R:pl:PWN Encyclopedia}}

{{C|pl|Alloys}}

==Portuguese==

===Pronunciation===
{{pt-IPA|matriks}}

===Noun===
{{pt-noun|f|-}}

# [[Matrix]]
## fictional machine system
## any illusory system