View source for Kernel

{{also|kérnél}}
==English==
{{wikipedia}}
[[Image:Almond in an open shell.jpg|thumb|Almond fruit broken open, showing the edible '''kernel''' (''sense 2'').]]

===Etymology===
{{root|en|ine-pro|*ǵerh₂-}}
From {{inh|en|enm|kernel}}, {{m|enm|kirnel}}, {{m|enm|kurnel|kürnel}}, from {{inh|en|ang|cyrnel}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*kurnil}}, diminutive of {{der|en|gem-pro|*kurną|t=seed, grain, corn}}, equivalent to {{af|en|corn|-le}}. Cognate with {{cog|yi|קערנדל}}, {{cog|dum|kernel}}, {{m|dum|cornel}}, {{cog|gmh|kornel}}. Related also to {{cog|non|kjarni|t=kernel}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈkɜːnəl/|a=UK}}
* {{IPA|en|/ˈkɝnəl/|a=US}}
* {{audio|en|En-au-kernel.ogg|a=AU}}
* {{homophones|en|colonel}}
* {{rhymes|en|ɜː(ɹ)nəl|s=2}}

===Noun===
{{en-noun}}

# The [[core]], [[center]], or [[essence]] of an object or system.
#: {{syn|en|crux|gist|Thesaurus:gist}}
#: {{ux|en|the '''kernel''' of an argument}}
# {{lb|en|botany}} The central (usually edible) part of a [[nut]], especially once the hard [[shell]] has been removed.
# {{lb|en|botany}} A single [[seed]] or [[grain]], especially of [[corn]] or [[wheat]].
# {{lb|en|botany|US}} The [[stone]] of certain fruits, such as [[peach]]es or [[plum]]s.
# A small mass around which other matter is concreted; a [[nucleus]]; a [[concretion]] or hard lump in the flesh.
# {{lb|en|computing}} The central part of many computer [[operating system]]s which manages the system's [[resource]]s and the [[communication]] between [[hardware]] and [[software]] components.
#: {{ant|en|userland}}
#: {{hypo|en|microkernel|unikernel}}
#: {{ux|en|The Linux '''kernel''' is open-source.}}
# {{lb|en|computing}} The core engine of any complex software system.
# {{lb|en|programming}} The simplified input to an algorithm that has undergone [[kernelization]].
# {{lb|en|calculus}} A function used to define an [[integral transform]].
#: {{ux|en|The Dirichlet '''kernel''' convolved with a function yields its Fourier series approximation.}}
# {{lb|en|mathematics}} A set of pairs of a mapping's domain which are mapped to the same value.
# {{lb|en|mathematics|linear algebra|group theory|functional analysis}} For a given [[function]] (especially a [[linear transformation]] between [[vector space]]s or [[homomorphism]] between [[group|groups]]), the set of elements in the [[domain]] which are mapped to [[zero]]; {{lb|en|formally}} given ''f''&nbsp;:&nbsp;''X''&nbsp;→&nbsp;''Y'', the set {''x''&nbsp;∈&nbsp;''X''&nbsp;:&nbsp;''f''(''x'')&nbsp;=&nbsp;0}.
#: {{ant|en|support}}
#: {{meronyms|en|root|zero}}
#: {{ux|en|If a function is continuous then its '''kernel''' is a closed set.}}
# {{lb|en|mathematics|category theory|of a [[morphism]] <math>f: X\to Y</math> in a [[category]] with [[zero morphism|zero morphisms]]}} The [[equalizer]] of <math>f</math> and the zero morphism from <math>X</math> to <math>Y</math>, denoted <math>\operatorname{ker}f</math>.
## {{lb|en|mathematics|category theory}} The [[source]] of <math>\operatorname{ker}f</math>, denoted <math>\operatorname{Ker}f</math>.
# {{lb|en|mathematics|fuzzy set theory}} The [[set]] of members of a [[fuzzy set]] that are fully included (i.e., whose grade of membership is 1).
# {{lb|en|slang}} The human [[clitoris]].
#* {{quote-text|en|year=2014|author=Karyn Gerrard; Irene Preston; Lotchie Burton|title=et al: Summer Heat: 10 Spicy Romances That Sizzle
|passage=Using the blunt end of one of the vibraphone mallets, he pried open her folds. With the balled end of the other, he rhythmically rolled over her '''kernel'''.}}
# {{lb|en|chemistry}} The nucleus and electrons of an atom excluding its valence electrons.
#* {{quote-journal|en|year=1916|author=Gilbert N. Lewis|title=The Atom and The Molecule|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|section=38(4) p 768
|passage=1. In every atom is an essential '''kernel''' which remains unaltered in all ordinary chemical changes and which possesses an excess of positive charges corresponding in number to the ordinal number of the group in the periodic table to which the element belongs.}}

====Derived terms====
{{col4|en|palm kernel oil|tree kernel
|grape kernel|kernel corn|kernel pair|kernel panic|pine kernel|waxing kernel
|cokernel
|{{vern|kernel cowry}}, {{vern|kernel cowrie}} ({{taxfmt|Nucleolaria nucleus|species}})
|kernel function
|kernel hacker
|kernel of truth
|kernel space
|kernelization
|positive-definite kernel
|KERNAL
}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|ja|カーネル|tr=kāneru|bor=1}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|core or essence of an object or system}}
* Armenian: {{t+|hy|միջուկ}}, {{t+|hy|կորիզ}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|ядро́|n}}, {{t+|bg|съ́щност|f}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|核心}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|ydin}}
* French: {{t+|fr|fond|m}}, {{t+|fr|cœur|m}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|cerne|m}}
* Georgian: {{t|ka|მარცვალი}}, {{t|ka|გული}}, {{t|ka|არსი}}
* German: {{t+|de|Kern|m}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|πυρήνας|m}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|eithne|f}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|nucleo|m}}, {{t+|it|nocciolo|m}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|核心|tr=かくしん, kakushin}}
* Korean: {{t+|ko|핵심(核心)}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|јадро|n}}, {{t|mk|срж|f}}
* Maori: {{t|mi|karihi}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|trzon|m}}, {{t+|pl|rdzeń|m}}, {{t+|pl|sedno|n}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|cerne|m}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|суть|f}}, {{t+|ru|су́щность|f}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|eitean|m}}, {{t|gd|cridhe|m}}
* Sorbian:
*: Lower Sorbian: {{t|dsb|jědro|n}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|núcleo|m}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|kärna|?}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|öz}}
* Yiddish: {{t|yi|קערן|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|central part of a nut}}
* Azerbaijani: {{t+|az|özək}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|я́дка|f}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|jádro|n}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|pähkinä}}
* French: {{t+|fr|amande|f}}, {{t+|fr|cerneau|m}}
* Georgian: {{t|ka|გული}}
* German: {{t+|de|Kern|m}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|πυρήνας|m}}
* Hawaiian: {{t|haw|ʻanoʻano}}
* Icelandic: {{t+|is|kjarni|m}}
* Ingrian: {{t|izh|toomi}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|gheriglio|m}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|仁|tr=じん, jin}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|срцевина|f}}
* Maori: {{t+|mi|kākano}}, {{t|mi|karihi}}, {{t|mi|kiko}}, {{t|mi|kikokiko}}
* Old English: {{t|ang|cyrnel|m}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|miolo|m}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|ядро́|n}}, {{t+|ru|сердцеви́на|f}} {{qualifier|fruit}}
* Samoan: {{t|sm|ʻaʻano}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|eitean|m}}
* Sorbian:
*: Lower Sorbian: {{t|dsb|jědro|n}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|almendra|f}}, {{t+|es|núcleo|m}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|kärna|?}}
* Tongan: {{t|to|kano}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|göbek}}
* Yiddish: {{t|yi|קערנדל|n}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|single seed of corn or wheat}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|зърно́|n}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|graan|n}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|jyvä}}
* French: {{t+|fr|grain|m}}
* Georgian: {{t|ka|მარცვალი}}
* Gothic: {{t|got|𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍉|n}}
* Greek:
*: Ancient: {{t|grc|κόκκος|m}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|chicco|m}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|зрно|n}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|ziarno|n}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|grão|m}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|зерно́|n}}, {{t+|ru|зёрнышко|n}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|sìol|m}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|grano|m}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|korn|?}}
* Tarifit: {{t|rif|taɣyašt|f}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|tane}}
* Yiddish: {{t|yi|קערנדל|n}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|(US) stone of certain fruits, such as peaches or plums}}
* Armenian: {{t+|hy|կորիզ}}
* Bashkir: {{t|ba|һөйәк}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|pecka|f}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|kivi}}
* French: {{t+|fr|noyau|m}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|πυρήνας|m}}, {{t+|el|κουκούτσι|n}}
* Indonesian: {{t|id|kernel}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|nocciolo|m}}
* Kyrgyz: {{t+|ky|өзөк}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|голушка|f}}, {{t+|mk|коска|f}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|pestka|f}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|caroço|m}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|ко́сточка|f}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|hueso|m}}, {{t+|es|núcleo|m}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|çekirdek}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|(computing) central part of many computer operating systems}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|نَوَاة|f}}
*: Gulf Arabic: {{t|afb|نواة|f|tr=nuwāt}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|jádro|n}}
* Danish: {{t|da|kerne|c}}
* Finnish: {{t|fi|käyttöjärjestelmäydin}}, {{t+|fi|ydin}}, {{t|fi|kerneli}}
* French: {{t+|fr|noyau|m}}
* German: {{t|de|Betriebssystemkern|m}}, {{t+|de|Kernel|m}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|πυρήνας|m}}
* Icelandic: {{t+|is|kjarni|m}}, {{t|is|stýrikjarni|m}}
* Indonesian: {{t|id|kernel}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|kernel|m}}
* Japanese: {{t|ja|カーネル|tr=かーねる, kāneru}}
* Korean: {{t|ko|커널}}
* Kyrgyz: {{t+|ky|өзөк}}, {{t+|ky|дан}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|јадро|n}}
* Malay: {{t+|ms|inti}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|jądro|n}}, {{t+|pl|jajko|n}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|kernel|m}}, {{t+|pt|núcleo|m}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|ядро́|n}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|núcleo|m}}, {{t|es|granelo|m}}
* Swedish: {{t|sv|operativsystemkärna|?}}, {{t+|sv|kärna|c}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|çekirdek}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|nhân}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|(mathematics, algebra) set of elements mapped to zero}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|jádro|n}}
* Danish: {{t|da|kerne|c}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|kern|m|f}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|ydin}}
* French: {{t+|fr|noyau|m}}
* German: {{t+|de|Kern|m}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|πυρήνας|m}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|mag}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|nucleo|m}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|jądro|n}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|núcleo|m}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|ядро́|n}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|núcleo|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|(mathematics, fuzzy set theory) Set of members of a fuzzy set that are fully included}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|ydin}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{checktrans-top}}
* Esperanto: {{t+check|eo|kerno}}
* Georgian: {{t-check|ka|მარცვალი}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Verb===
{{en-verb|kernel<,[US]:++[UK],[US]:++[UK]>}}

# To [[enclose]] within a kernel
# To [[crenellate]]

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=eeklnr|kleren}}

{{cln|en|terms with /ɛ/ for Old English /y/}}
{{C|en|Plant anatomy}}

==Hungarian==

===Etymology===
From {{bor|hu|en|kernel}}. <ref>{{R:TotfalusiEty 2005}}</ref>

===Pronunciation===
* {{hu-IPA}}
* {{hyphenation|hu|ker|nel}}
* {{rhymes|hu|ɛl|s=2}}

===Noun===
{{hu-noun|ek}}

# {{lb|hu|computing}} [[kernel#English|kernel]] {{gloss|the central part of many computer operating systems}}
#: {{syn|hu|rendszermag}}

====Declension====
{{hu-infl-nom|kernele|e|-}}{{hu-pos-etek|kernel||ei}}

===References===
<references/>

==Indonesian==
{{wikipedia||lang=id}}

===Etymology===
{{bor+|id|en|kernel}}, from {{der|id|enm|kernel}}, {{m|enm|kirnel}}, {{m|enm|kurnel|kürnel}}, from {{der|id|ang|cyrnel}}, from {{der|id|gmw-pro|*kurnil}}, diminutive of {{der|id|gem-pro|*kurną|t=seed, grain, corn}}, equivalent to {{af|en|corn|-le}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{id-pr|kèr.nel}}

===Noun===
{{id-noun}}

# {{l|en|kernel}}
## {{lb|id|botany|agriculture}} the stone of certain fruits, such as peaches or plums. {{q|of oil palm}}
## {{lb|id|computing|information technology}} the central part of many computer operating systems which manages the system's resources and the communication between hardware and software components

===Further reading===
* {{R:KBBI Daring}}

==Middle English==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|enm|cernel|curnel|kernell|kirnel|karnel|kurnel|kurnele|kyrnel|kyrnell|cornel}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|enm|ang|cyrnel}}, from {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*kurnil}}; equivalent to {{af|enm|corn|-el|pos2=agentive suffix|id2=agentive}}. Some forms are influenced by {{m|enm|corn}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|enm|/ˈkɛrnəl/|/ˈkirnəl/|/ˈkurnəl/|/ˈkɔrnəl/}}

===Noun===
{{enm-noun|kerneles}}

# The [[seed]], [[grain]] or [[stone]] of a [[fruit]] or [[nut]].
# {{lb|enm|by extension}} A [[granule]]; a small [[grain]], [[flake]], or [[ball]].
# {{lb|enm|figurative}} The [[fundamental]], [[superior]] or [[essential]] part.
# {{lb|enm|anatomy}} An [[organ]] responsible for production of [[substances]].
# {{lb|enm|medicine}} A [[distend]]ed [[organ]] or [[growth]].

====Derived terms====
{{col2|enm
|kernellen
|kirnelly
}}

====Descendants====
* {{desctree|en|kernel}}
* {{desc|sco|kirnel|;|churnel}}

====References====
* {{R:MED Online|entry=kirnel|pos=n|id=MED24349 |accessdate=2018-07-06}}

{{C|enm|Fruits|Grains|Spices}}

==Old French==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|fro|crenel}}

===Etymology===
{{rfe|fro}}.

===Noun===
{{fro-noun|m}}

# [[crenel]] {{gloss|space in a battlement from which weapons may be used on an incoming enemy}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|en|crenel|bor=1}}
* {{desc|fr|créneau}}

===References===
* {{R:Godefroy|crenel|supplement=1}}

==Portuguese==

===Etymology===
{{ubor|pt|en|kernel}}.

===Noun===
{{pt-noun|m|#s}}

# {{lb|pt|computing}} {{l|en|kernel}} {{gloss|central part of certain operating systems}}
# {{lb|pt|calculus}} {{l|en|kernel}} {{gloss|a function used to define an integral transform}}
# {{lb|pt|algebra}} {{l|en|kernel}} {{gloss|set of elements mapped to zero}}

====Synonyms====
* {{l|pt|núcleo}}